Verbal learning

Research in the relationship of verbal learning and memory involves the understanding of how people retain and use information concerning symbolically representable objects and events, and the information about their interconnection.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Verbal learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tulving and Madigan described the concept of verbal learning in 1970 and according to the authors, symbolically representable items and events include letters, letters grouping, sentences, words, numbers, digits, and so forth; verbal items (p.438). The perceived connections are spatial-temporal, that is, an event (a verbal item for recall), which is followed or proceeded by, or appears next to, or occurs simultaneously with certain discretely specifiable perspective of the perceived environment. Verbal learning students speak the stimulus-response language. With respect to this target group, verbal learn ing involves acquisition and withholding of verbal responses pertaining to stimuli. Acquisition often relates to â€Å"attachment of response to stimuli†¦forgetting denotes the loss of response availability† (Tulving Madigan, 1970, p.439). Acquisition of responses signifies the strengthening of connection between the responses and the stimuli to which the students attach the responses. Learners can develop response during acquisition or in the subsequent retention test, as far as the strength of the connection surpasses an imaginary evocation threshold. Psychologists conceptualize forgetting as the product of weakening of connections, although recall failure can as well reveal competition of responses involved with the same stimulus. Tulving and Madigan (1970) posit that, researchers can induce this process, commonly known as â€Å"extinction† or â€Å"unlearning† using different empirical manipulation, or may happen naturally outside the laboratory (p.439 ). Psychologist use experimental paradigms to simulate spontaneous occurrence of this process. The stress on stimulus-response association in verbal learning determines a concern with specification of stimuli. Tulving and Madigan (1970, p.439) assert that the use of empirical models by which the specification of the stimuli is technically possible using serial anticipation and paired associates procedures. More recently, the identification of functional stimuli in models of serial learning and free recall highlights this concern. The proceeding paragraph will compare and contrast the models psychology researchers use to relate the specification of stimuli to response in verbal learning, such as free recall, serial learning, and paired associate learning.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Free recall is the simplest task that involves the use of verbal units, normally words that a resear cher presents by reading or visually to a subject. After completion of the presentation, the subject recites or writes as many words as s/he can recall. The subject is free to give the items in any order and the facilitator credits him or her for recalling the listed items without regard of their order. In addition, the verbal items may be necessarily unrelated or closely connected (Mahmud, 2004, p.123). This procedure does not permit the researcher to know what stimulus induced a response, although it gives insight on the patterns of learned responses. Serial learning, on the other hand, differs from free recall in two significant aspects; first, the experimenter maintains the sequence of the items from trial to trial, and items are credited on condition that the subject recalls them in the same order they were presented. Second, an anticipation method is used, where the subject is required to recite the following items when the researcher presents a specific item. Mahmud posits th at the need for a correct order creates â€Å"serial position effect† (2004, p.124). In addition, serial learning, unlike the free recall, involves the use of memory drum. The item is listed severally and a trial-wise record of subject’s right and wrong anticipation is preserved until the subject recites all the items correctly on two successive trials, or s/he recites 80 percent of the items correctly. In contrast, paired associated learning method needs the subject to produce a response term (verbal unit) upon the presentation of stimulus term (another verbal unit) that the experimenter had associated it with previously. Like serial learning method, the anticipation technique used in paired associated learning requires the subject to anticipate and cite the correct response when the experimenter presents the stimulus prior to both items. The researchers maintain a constant anticipation and study intervals in each experiment with standardized duration of 2 seconds for each experiment. The aforementioned experimental models are just a few of the existing models for studying verbal learning. The target group and the objective of the study may dictate the choice of experimental model.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Verbal learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Mahmud, S. J. (2004). Introduction to Psychology. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. Tulving, E., Madigan, S. A. (1970). Memory and verbal learning. Annual Review of  Psychology, 21, 437-484. This essay on Verbal learning was written and submitted by user Journey Freeman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gangster Rap and Reality essays

Gangster Rap and Reality essays Does gangster music reflect reality or Violence? Gangster or Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are quite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldnt believe that it causes violence among the younger generations and reflects reality. People shouldnt censor the music just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to the world. I believe in my own mind, that there is a reason for these types of lyrics that rap artists use and I will simply explain those reasons. Rap has been called one of the most important music forces to emerge in two decades. Its pounding beats and rhymes exploded on the streets of the urban America in the early 1980s and since have become the theme music and lyrical heart of the vibrant youth culture called hip-hop. There are many different types of rap artist. There are some that talk about money, some talk about righteousness, and the list goes on and on. Every rap artist has their own way of expressing themselves. There are those that talk about sex, drugs, and violence who receive the negative attention. People, think this so- called gangster rap is a bad influence on children in the world and that it promotes violence and that it also is abusive to women. Delores Tucker, head of national congress of black women has been among those pressuring different record companies to stop distributing gangster rap music. There were other significant names that participated in this action. Names like Senate Majority leader Bob dole, and former education Secretary William J. Bennett. There are some rap artists that have been openly criticized for their lyrics. Rappers like Lil Kim, Too Short, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and a member from Too Live Crew,...

Business Continuity Planning in a Large Retail Supply Chain Research Paper

Business Continuity Planning in a Large Retail Supply Chain - Research Paper Example Because of my current position problems with the supply chain can directly affect my work load and I want to know more about a retail supply chain and how the supply chain connections can be protected. This paper will be geared towards professionals in both business continuity and retail management. I would like the people in these professions to be able to learn from my paper the need for a better BCP for protecting a company’s supply chain. Opening Statement: Business continuity planning in large retail supply chains is not thorough enough. Large retailers that depend on outsourced supply chains are not managing their supplier risks. The Marsh Supply Chain Survey results show that no one is managing their supply chain risks very well. In fact only about 33% of them are even managing their risks moderately effectively (Hiles, 2011). According to Hiles (2011), supply chain is an all inclusive term that constitutes the management of both downstream and upstream relations with c lients and suppliers. This is desirable because it allows for timely delivery of superior client value at a lesser cost. Certainly, this is sustainable because both parties benefit optimally and are able to sustain their wellbeing through time. In order to protect this process, businesses have to look at the end-to-end supply chain process and build a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) that covers all parts of it. ... leaner business, businesses can â€Å"enhance their operational effectiveness, which essentially improves firm performance and competitiveness† (Liu, Lin, Hayes, 2010, p222). However if a business fails to manage the risks associated with running leaner than they will lose all of these benefits. By not managing their supply chain risks, large retail companies are leaving themselves vulnerable to possible business failure. Hypothesis: This research is informed and guided by distinct assumptions. To begin with, the study presumes that both upstream suppliers and downstream, consumers directly affect the continuity of the retail supply chain. Large retailers should therefore clearly analyze their contribution to business failure or success and make necessary and timely interventions. The study is also based on the assumption that current large retailers are faced with complex risks that stem from the relationships that they establish and maintain at various levels. Further, it pr esumes that inability to manage the risks effectively not only reduces efficiency but also increases the susceptibility of retailers to failure. Finally, this study presumes that relevant interventions can only be identified addressed in a timely manner through continued monitoring. From this point of view, business continuity plans are therefore vitally important. Discussion of Findings: As indicated earlier, retail supply chains are increasingly becoming more and more complex. These can be attributed to the increasing complexity of the relative relationships. Globalization trends have compelled businesses to explore various options in a bid to maintain a competitive edge. In his study, Hotchkiss (2010) found out that the complexity of the business environment has diversified the risks that